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geology

Transcript: mountain building mountain are created in the three ways 1 folding 2 faulting 3 volcano faults faults - a break in the earths crust along which two blocks of the crust slide relative to one another due to tectonic forces Volcanic eruptions form in areas where the plates are colliding. The oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate where it melts and forms magma. Volcanic eruptions occur where there is a build up of magma, gases. The pressure builds up over time and the eruptions are violent and destructive. Pyroclastic material can move at over 500 kph and will vaporise all living things in their path. Formation of the Earth * The earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old * It has a crust (the continents and sea beds) on the out side that floats like the skin on custard *the cotinents move very slowly 8 the magnetic poles can change-as it is possible for the inner core to move relative to the rest of the planet Earthquakes and tsunami earthquakes - often violent shaking of the earth s plates move - most often on plate boundaries * tsunami - (Harbour wave) massive volume of water that is displaced by movements of plate boundaries -can cause wide spread damage and loss of life. Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Activity classifications Fissure Eruptions Volcanic eruptions form in areas where the plates are colliding. The oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate where it melts and forms magma. Volcanic eruptions occur where there is a build up of magma, gases. The pressure builds up over time and the eruptions are violent and destructive. Pyroclastic material can move at over 500 kph and will vaporise all living things in their path. consuming boundaries * convergent/consuming boundary - the boundary - the boundary between to colliding tectonic plates where one rides up over te other - usually have volcanoes and many Earth quakes * subduction zone - the egion where an oceanic plate sinks down into the asthenosphere at a convergent boundary usally between continental and oceanic plates The Lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) rest on the molten Asthenosphere (lower mantle). Molten rock beneath the surface is called ‘magma’. Volcanoes are formed when magma is forced through a weakness in the earth’s crust, either on land or under the sea. These events are called eruptions. There are two basic types of eruptions, fissure eruptions and volcanic eruptions. Types of Volcanoes General Structure of a volcano Shield Volcanoes Are formed by the piling up of fluid lava around a central vent. They are composed mainly of quiet lava flows and are dome-shaped in cross-section. Composite Volcanoes Steep sided cones, composed of alternating layers of lava flows (quiet eruptions) and pyroclastic material (violent eruptions layers of the earth - cont. *asthenosphere - the soft layer of te mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move * mesosphere - literally the "middle sphere strong lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core *outer core - the liquid layer of the Earths core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core * inner core - the solid, dense centre of the Earth Anatomy of a caldera Volcano, caldera images animations etc – some links don’t still work, but most do and are quite good. pangea * pangea - a very ancient super-continent that split into gondawana and laurasia * laurasia - the ancient northen group on continents * gondwana- the ancient southehn group on continents layers of th Earth - cont * mantle - the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core * core - the central, spherical part of the Earth below the mantle *lithosphe volcanoes continental drift Volcanoes are classified according to their activity levels: Active volcano - a volcano that is erupting or has shown signs that it may erupt in the near future Dormant (sleeping) volcano - A volcano that has not erupted for a long time, but may erupt again one day. Extinct (dead) volcano - A volcano that has not erupted for thousands of years and probably will not erupt again folding *folding the bending of rock layers due to stress in he earth crust *folding mountains mountains that form where two plates collide and compress layers of rock into folds *anticline- a upward fold in rock formed by compression and earths crust *syncline- a downward fold in rock formed by compression in earths crust recumbent fold- rock layers that are bent so much that a rock appears to be folded on top of one another layers of the Earth * crust - the thin outermost layer of the Earth or the upper most part of the lithosphere * contin crust - the portion of the Earth's crust that promarily contains granite is less dense than oceanic crust and is 20-50 km thick * oceanic crust - the portion of the Earths's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental Formation of a Caldera sea floor spreading boundary *divergent/accreting boundar between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

Geology

Transcript: Green Hill By: Allison Carpentor (engineer), Maya Fikes (city council), Camden Fisher (postive/ negatives, ecologist), and Sarah Johnson (geologist) City Council Report: People that live on green hill are concerned about the new buildings that are being built. They are worried that animal’s habitats will be destroyed. Other people think that traffic will become too bad. We are sending around a petition trying to block any new building on our hill. People are also concerned about flooding or landslides. They think that the water running off the hill will cause this. Engineer Report When we cut into the side of the green hill, it makes it steep and it erodes when it rains. When we cut down plants and trees and replace them with buildings and roads, the water runs off in channels down the hill, because it cannot sink into the soil. To fix this, drainage pipes can be put in so that the water can flow down the hill without eroding it. Then the drainage pipes can be led to the Rolling River. Also we could plant a lot of vegetation on the slopes where there are no buildings to help prevent erosion. Geoligist Report: Green Hill is a hill. It has soft, loose soil. Some of the earth’s processes are weathering and erosion. The earth processes make the land erode or wash away over time. The changes of topography are that the Southeast side has eroded since housing was built but otherwise nothing else has happened. The land stability is good except the southeast side. One of the potential geological problems is that erosion will be accelerated due to the construction. Ecologist Report: Green hill has an environment similar to other hills in the area. Where there are no houses and roads, the hill is covered in thick forest. Common wildlife on the hill includes deer, raccoons, rabbits, and foxes. Green hill provides shelter for all of these animals, as well as space to move between pine forest, rolling river, and riverside forest. Building here will not only reduce wildlife population by destroying their habitat, but will also prevent them from moving between areas with food and water. Negatives: High erosion rate Weathering An increased rate of erosion during construction You could fall off the hill and fall in the river if you aren't careful Positives Low flood risk It would be fairly easy to put the houses on There is more room for buildings Houses would have less bug problems. Citations: "Hill River in Spate.jpg." QOOP.com. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://my.qoop.com/store/James-Brown-5323481524508120/Hill-River-in-Spate-jpg-by-Picasa-2-7-qpps_8721554375752828/>. "JUNE IRISES Sold by Whyte's, Dublin, on Saturday, December 15, 2007." Artvalue. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://www.artvalue.com/auctionresult--vahey-brien-1956-ireland-ire-june-irises-1702149.htm>. "Hudson Valley Painter » Olana and Hudson NY." Hudson Valley Painter » Olana and Hudson NY. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://www.hudsonvalleypainter.com/category/olana/page/2/>. "Hudson Valley Painter » Olana and Hudson NY." Hudson Valley Painter » Olana and Hudson NY. Web. 09 Mar. 2012. <http://www.hudsonvalleypainter.com/category/olana/page/2/>. "Ireland Fields Sky Clouds (ireland Fields Sky Clouds.jpg) Public Domain Image, Royalty Free Stock Photo. About Public Domain Image." Public Domain Image. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. <http://www.public-domain-image.com/nature-landscape/hill/slides/ireland-fields-sky-clouds.html>. Geoligist Report: Thanks for Watching! By: Allison Carpenter, Maya Fikes, Camden Fisher, Mark Friess, Sarah Johnson!

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Geology

Transcript: Studying the earths history can help determine when a disaster might reoccur helping us to prepare By Hayley and Kayla E and Cassandra M Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. GEOLOGISTS STUDY THE EARTHS HISTORY photo credit Nasa / Goddard Space Flight Center / Reto Stöckli processes such as we use materials every day. GEOLOGY This is an important part of a Geologists job These processes are extremely hazardous Mr. Cathcart said volcanoes so... landslides earthquakes floods volcanic eruptions Geologists work to understand these processes well enough to avoid building important structures where they might be damaged. If geologists can prepare maps of areas that have flooded in the past they can prepare maps of areas that might be flooded in the future. These maps can be used to guide the development of communities and determine where flood protection or flood insurance is needed. GEOLOGISTS STUDY EARTHS PROCESSES GEOLOGISTS STUDY EARTHS MATERIALS Today we are concerned about climate change. Many geologists are working to learn about the past climates of earth and how they have changed across time. This historical geology news information is valuable to understand how our current climate is changing and what the results might be. oil - produced from wells metals - produced from mines water - drawn from streams or underground rocks - that contain certain metals What is Geology You Say?

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